Very old sources indicate that using wastewater and so-called renewable resources for the energy supply it is not new, it was already known before the birth of Christ. Even around 3000 BC the Sumerians practiced the anaerobic cleansing of waste. The Roman scholar Pliny described around 50 BC some glimmering lights appearing underneath the surface of swamps (Lee et al., 2010).

In 1776 Alessandro Volta personally collected biogas from the Lake Como to examine it. His findings showed that the formation of gas depends on a fermentation process and that may form an explosive mixture with air. The English physicist Faraday also performed some experiments with marsh gas and identified hydrocarbons as part of this. Around the year 1800, Dalton, Henry and Davy first described the chemical structure of methane, however the final chemical structure of methane (CH4), was first elucidated by Avogadro in 1821 (Horiuchi et al., 2002).

In the second half of 19th century, more systematic and scientific in-depth research was started in France to better understand the process of anaerobic fermentation. The objective was simply suppress the bad odor released by wastewater pools. During their investigations, researchers detected some of the microorganisms which today are known to be essential for the fermentation process. It was Bechamp who identified in 1868 that a mixed population of microorganism is required to convert ethanol into methane, since several end products were formed during the fermentation process, depending on the characteristic of substrate (Lee et al., 2010).

In 1876, Herter reported that acetate found in wastewater, stoichiometrically form methane and carbon dioxide in equal amounts. Louis Pasteur tried in 1884 to produce biogas from horse dung collected from Paris roads. Together with his student Gavon he managed to produce 100 L methane from 1 m3 dung fermented at 35°C. Pasteur claimed that this production rate should be sufficient to cover the energy requirements for the street lighting of Paris. The application of energy from renewable resources started from this time on (Deublein and Steinhauser, 2008).