Aldara is currently Associate Professor at Agribusiness Engineering Department at Fluminense Federal University and Coordinator of the Agribusiness Research Group (called Grupo de Analise de Sistemas Agroindustriais) in Volta Redonda’s Campus, Rio de Janeiro. Since 2007, she has been studying the competitive driv­ers of the biodiesel production chain and issues related to environmental and social sustainability in Brazil, especially on account of the policy related to the National Program for Production and Use of Biodiesel (PNPB).

Biswarup Sen is an Assistant Professor in Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, and member of Green Energy Development Centre, Feng Chia University, Taiwan. He got his Ph. D. from Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India. He has over 60 publications with research expertise in anaerobic biotechnology for biofuels and biochemicals and has received several research grants and honors. He serves as the Review Editor of “Frontiers Microbial Physiology and Metabolism” and Reviewer of several international journals.

Bruce A. McCarl—Regents Professor and distinguished Professor of Agricultural Economics, Department of Agricultural Economics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2124, US, email: mccarl@tamu. edu

Carlos Alberto Oliveira de Oliveira is a professor at Faculty of Technology of the Cooperative, and a researcher of agribusiness and rural development at Agricultural and Livestock Research Foundation (Fepagro), the official service of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

Dr. Christian Rammer is senior researcher at ZEW’s Department of Industrial Economics and International Management. His research activities include empiri­cal research on innovation in firms, technology transfer, and research policy. He worked as a senior researcher at the Austrian Research Center Seibersdorf, Systems Research Technology-Economy-Environment and as an assistant pro­fessor and lecturer at the Department for Economic Geography at the Vienna

A. Domingos Padula et al. (eds.), Liquid Biofuels: Emergence, Development 269

and Prospects, Lecture Notes in Energy 27, DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-6482-1,

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University of Economics and the University of Linz. Christian Rammer holds an M. Sc. in Regional Analysis and a Ph. D. from the University of Vienna.

Daniel Fernando Rolling is an Agronomist. Master in Agribusiness and currently a Ph. D. student of the Vegetal Production Program of the University of Santa Catarina state—UDESC, Brazil.

Dr. David Leiva-Candia is a Civil Engineer (expertise in bioprocesses), University of La Frontera, Chile, and holds an M. Sc. in Industrial Process Control (University of Cordoba, Spain) and a Ph. D. in second-generation biofu­els (University of Cordoba, Spain). He is postdoc at the Department of Physical Chemistry and Applied Thermodynamics, University of Cordoba. His research is focused on the production and quality analysis of microbial oil from different oleaginous yeast grown in waste feedstocks. He has been collaborating in several research projects concerning biofuels, biorefinery, and engine testing.

Eckhard Boles is a professor of molecular biosciences at Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany, since 2002. His research is focused on metabolic engineering of yeast strains for industrial purposes and transport of nutrients across the yeast plasma membrane. He has published more than 80 articles in international peer- reviewed journals and contributed to 13 important patents in the field of yeast bio­technology. Landmark patents were the construction of the first recombinant yeast strain able to ferment the pentose sugar L-arabinose, the cloning of the first bacte­rial xylose isomerase enabling yeast cells to ferment xylose and engineering yeast for the production of isobutanol. He is co-founder of the Swiss biotech company, Butalco, and has acted as a scientific advisor for several companies.

Gunter Festel is founder and CEO of the investment firm FESTEL CAPITAL. He has co-founded, as a Founding Angel, various technology start-ups in Germany and Switzerland like Autodisplay Biotech, Butalco, and Greasoline and is part­time faculty member at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, and the Technical University, Berlin. He is the chairman of the board of the Association of German Biotechnology Companies, a member of various advisory boards and con­sultant to the OECD as well as different governmental departments in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. Gunter Festel holds different master degrees and two Ph. Ds in natural sciences and economics.

Dr. Hong To joined Southern Cross Business School, Gold Coast, Australia, as a Postdoctoral Fellow in Applied Economics in 2010, after completing her Ph. D. in Economics at Department of Economics of University of Ottawa in Canada. Hong has undertaken research in the area of environmental economics, economic model­ing, and policy formulation.

Mario Otavio Batalha is Chemical Engineer, M. Sc. and Ph. D. in Industrial Engineering; professor at the Department of Industrial Engineering and Graduate Program in Sao Carlos Federal University—UFSCAR, Brazil.

Marta Wlodarz—Postdoctoral Researcher at Center for Energy Policy and Economics, Department of Management, Technology and Economics, ETH Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland, email: wlodarzm@ethz. ch

Martin Bellof is Business Development Manager at Autodisplay Biotech GmbH. Prior to joining Autodisplay, he worked for Macquarie Capital (formerly Investment Banking Group) in Frankfurt and Sydney and studied Biology and Business at Technical University of Darmstadt. In his final thesis, Martin analyzed success factors of corporate venture capital in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries.

Martin Wurmseher studied Business Administration at the University of Munich and is currently a Ph. D. student at the Chair of Technology and Innovation Management at the Department of Management, Technology, and Economics at ETH Zurich. Prior to his Ph. D. studies, he gained several years of profes­sional experience in Finance, Accounting, and Auditing in the banking industry. Furthermore, he holds the Swiss-Certified Public Accountant and the Financial Risk Manager (FRM) designations, gained professional experience in the Biotechnology industry, and is a member of the start-up research group at ETH Zurich.

Dr. Michael Charles Associate Professor, is a member of the Southern Cross Business School at Southern Cross University, Gold Coast, Australia. He has a Ph. D. from the University of Queensland and a Master of International Business Studies from the Queensland University of Technology. His current research mainly focuses on transport and environmental policy, public values and infra­structures, and systems in transition.

Dr. Pilar Dorado graduated from the University of Cordoba, Spain, in Agriculture Engineering. She followed this with an international master in Irrigation and Drainage (Ministry of Agriculture and Fishering, Spain) and a Ph. D. in Agriculture Engineering, in 2001. She was appointed lecturer in the Department of Mechanical and Mining Engineering at the University of Jaen. In 2005, she moved to the University of Cordoba (Department of Physical Chemistry and Applied Thermodynamics), and in 2012, she was appointed professor. She is head of the research group BIOSAHE since 2002. She has lead/participated in a number of Spanish Ministry-funded projects and two European-funded projects. Her research has been directed toward new renewable alternative fuels for internal combustion engines, including engine testing and the biorefinery concept.

Dr. Shazia Sultana is young scientist with research and teaching experience in the field of Renewable energy, Biofuel technology and Plant Systematics and Biodiversity. One hundred research publications (to date) in top international journals, more than 1000 citations, with high IF, H & I indices, 06 international books published and circulated internationally. Dr. Sultana is awardees of various national and international awards. Currently, she is working as fellow researcher in School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains, Malaysia, and senior research associates in Biofuel Laboratory, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.

Dr. Silvio Vaz Jr. is a research scientist at Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA). Holds a B. Sc. degree in Chemistry, a M. Sc. degree in Physical Chemistry, and a D. Sc. degree in Analytical Chemistry from University of Sao Paulo. His research lines are Analytical Chemistry and Renewable Chemistry.

Dr. Suman Sen is an academic at Southern Cross University, Gold Coast, Australia. His research interests are in the area of transport energy, public trans­port, road user charging, transport planning and policy, transport sustainability, business management, and corporate social responsibility and ethics. Suman also has an MBA and an MA in economics.

Vitor Francisco Dalla Corte is an Economist. Master in Business Administration, and currently, a Ph. D. student of the Agribusiness Graduate Program of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul — UFRGS, Brazil.

[1] These matters are dealt with in detail in chapter “Environmental Issues in the Liquid Biofuels Industry”.

[2] Bioethanol energy content is two-thirds that of gasoline, and therefore is referred to as litre of gasoline equivalent (lge).

[3] India, Pakistan, Swaziland and Zimbabwe have production costs that are broadly similar to those experienced in Brazil (Demirbas 2009; Dufey 2006).

[4] Biodiesel energy content is 10-12 % less than that of diesel, and therefore is referred to as litre of diesel equivalent (lde).

[5] de Gorter and Just (2010) have shown that crop prices, i. e. corn prices in the case of the United States, are directly linked to that of bioethanol. A theoretical framework with regard to the rela­tionship between sugar cane prices and bioethanol prices in Brazil or between palm oil/soybean prices and biodiesel prices in the European Union can be formulated easily in a similar way.

[6] This seal is awarded to biofuel producers who buy a minimum percentage of feedstock from family farmers, provide technical assistance, and enter into contracts with these farmers.

P. F. A. Shikida (*) • B. F. Cardoso • V. A. Galante • D. Rahmeier Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, Toledo, Brazil e-mail: peryshikida@hotmail. com

B. F. Cardoso

e-mail: barbarafcardoso@gmail. com

[8] A. Galante

e-mail: vgalante@hotmail. com D. Rahmeier

e-mail: daliane. rahmeier@gmail. com

A. Finco • D. Bentivoglio • M. Rasetti Universita Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy e-mail: a. finco@univpm. it

D. Bentivoglio

e-mail: d. bentivogho@univpm. it M. Rasetti

e-mail: m. rasetti@univpm. it

A. Domingos Padula et al. (eds.), Liquid Biofuels: Emergence, Development and Prospects, Lecture Notes in Energy 27, DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-6482-1_2, © Springer-Verlag London 2014

[9] The list below gives the main tools which are/have been used to promote biofuels in the EU: Proposal directive European Communication COM (2012) 595 final: ILUC proposal; European Communication COM (2010) 160/01; COM (2010) 160/02: sustainability criteria; European Decision 2010/335: Guidelines for the Calculation of Land Carbon Stocks; Renewable Energy Directive (RES-D) Directive 2009/28/EC: RED; Directive 2009/30/EC: Fuel Quality Directive (FQD); EU Climate and Energy Package 17th December 2008; Directive Biofuels Directive 2003/30/EC: Biofuels Directive; Directive 2003/17/EC: Fuel Quality Directive; Directive 98/70/EC: Fuel Quality Directive; Directive 2003/96/EC: Energy Taxation; Common Agricultural Policy (CAP).

D. F. Kolling (*)

Crop Science Graduate Program, Santa Catarina State University,

2090 Luiz de Camoes, Lages, SC, Brazil e-mail: dfkolling@gmail. com

[11] F. Dalla Corte

Agribusiness Graduate Program, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 7712 Bento Gonfalves, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

C. A. O. Oliveira

Agricultural and Livestock Research Foundation (Fepagro),

570 Gonfalves Dias, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

A. Domingos Padula et al. (eds.), Liquid Biofuels: Emergence, Development and Prospects, Lecture Notes in Energy 27, DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-6482-1_3, © Springer-Verlag London 2014

[12] Classic market (spot)—non-specific transaction in which there is no effort to sustain the relationship, which is the case closest to the pure competition market.

2. Hybrid forms—trust relationships can be built with higher asset specificity and higher recurrence of transactions. In this case, there are no transaction incen­tives between agents and the firm. Thus, the agents are highly motivated to ful­fill the contract.

3. Vertical integration or hierarchy—regards vertical integration necessary for sporadic transactions and in the presence of highly specific assets. In this case, the transactions between agents are incorporated into the hierarchy of the firm.

[13] Global-warming potential—An index, based upon radiative properties of well-mixed greenhouse gases, measuring the radiative forcing of a unit mass of a given well-mixed greenhouse gas in the present-day atmosphere integrated over a chosen time horizon, relative to that of carbon dioxide. The GWP represents the combined effect of the differing times these gases remain in the atmos­phere and their relative effectiveness in absorbing outgoing thermal infrared radiation. The Kyoto Protocol is based on GWPs from pulse emissions over a 100-year time frame [definition adapted from IPCC 4th Assessment Report, Working Group I, The Physical Science Basis (IPCC 2007)].

[14] The top three GHG-emitting sectors are energy (26 %), industry (19 %) and agriculture (14 %).

[15] Carbon debt is the time required to counterbalance the CO2 emissions resulting from the con­version of a native ecosystem to biomass production.

[16] These include low-till or no-till cultivation, crop rotations and other cultivation practices that need minimal inputs such as fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides.

[17] Negative values indicate a net reduction in GHGs.

[18] Bioethanol cannot, however, be shipped by existing crude oil or petroleum pipelines as it absorbs water and other impurities, all of which affects fuel purity and degrades the infrastruc­ture (Eggert et al. 2011).

[19] Sorda G, Banse M, Kemfert C (2010) An overview of biofuel policies across the world, Energy Policy, 38(11)