Chapter 2

Chapter 4

Figure 4. Schematic model of the regulatory network of secondary cell wall biosynthesis based primarily on studies in Arabidopsis. Peach circles represent transcription factors known to function in Arabidopsis. The red circles demarcate the transcription factors whose function has been studied in grasses. The yellow octagons represent enzymes. The grey squares represent secondary cell wall polymers. The green triangle represents a property of the cell wall, saccharification. Arrows signify positive regulation; whereas, dashed edges with T ends indicate negative regulation. Cis-elements are labeled on the edges as follows: Secondary wall NAC Binding Element (SNBE), Tracheary Element Responsive Element (TERE), Secondary wall MYB Responsive Element (SMRE), and the AC-rich elements found in lignin biosynthesis gene promoters (AC). See text for references and further discussion. For simplicity, not all known or suspected interactions are shown. Abbreviations are as follows: Lig Bios Enz, lignin biosynthesis enzymes; SCW Enz, secondary cell wall biosynthesis enzymes the specific identity of which has not been specified; PAL1, Phenylalanine Ammonium Lyase 1; 4CL1, 4-Coumaroyl Ligase 1; COMT, Caffeic acid O-MethylTransferase; C4H, Cinnamate 4-Hydroxylase; CESA, Cellulose Synthase A; SHN, shine/wax inducer 1; VND, Vasculature-related NAC-Domain; SND, Secondary wall-associated NAC-Domain protein; NST, NAC Secondary wall Thickening factor; VNI2, VND-interacting 2 NAC protein 2.

Figure 3. Hyg B-resistant calluses 6 wks after Agrobacterium transformation and selection (adopted from Xi et al. 2009a).

LI	L2	L3	L4
L5	L6	L7	oo _J
L9	L10	Lll ф	L12
L13-1 4	L13-2	L14	L15

Figure 4. Use of GFP reporter gene for early detection of transformed cells (adopted from Li and Qu 2011).

О Biomass is harvested and delivered to the biorefinery.

Ethanol is

purified through

distillation and

prepared for

distribution.

Enzymes break Microbes down cellulose ferment sugars chains into sugars. into ethanol.

Figure 3. Depiction of the steps involved in lignocellulosic ethanol production. Switchgrass breeding improvements to increase ethanol yields constitutes part of the first of several steps in the process. Image used by permission of Bioenergy Science Center.

4RN, UK

[1]Research Agronomist, USDA-ARS, Grain, Forage, and Bioenergy Research Unit, 137 Keim Hall, University of Nebraska East Campus, Lincoln, NE 68583-0937.

[2]Research Agronomist, USDA-ARS, Agroecosystem Management Research Unit, 131 Keim Hall, University of Nebraska East Campus, Lincoln, NE 68583-0937.

Email: marty. schmer@ars. usda. gov *Corresponding author: rob. mitchell@ars. usda. gov

Virginia Tech, 365 Smyth Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061.

[4]Noble Foundation, Ardmore OK 73402.

Email: tjbutler@noble. org

[5]USDA-ARS, 137 Keim Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583. Email: rob. mitcheU@ars. usda. gov ^Corresponding author: jfike@vt. edu

[6]The Institute for Sustainable and Renewable Resources, The Institute for Advanced Learning and Research, Danville, VA, USA; Departments of Horticulture and Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.

Email: barry. ftinn@ialr. org

[7]The Institute for Sustainable and Renewable Resources, The Institute for Advanced Learning and Research, Danville, VA, USA.

Email: alejandra. lara@ialr. org

[8]The Institute for Sustainable and Renewable Resources, The Institute for Advanced Learning and Research, Danville, VA, USA; Department of Horticulture, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.

Email: scott. lowman@ialr. org

Corresponding author: chuansheng. mei@ialr. org

department of Plant and Soil Science, Oklahoma State University, 368 AG Hall, Stillwater, OK74078-6028, USA.

Email: yanqi. wu@okstate. edu

2National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.

[10]Corresponding author: liulinglong@njau. edu. cn

[11]Clemson University Genomics Institute, Clemson University, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson, SC 29634.

Email: Saski@clemson. edu

[12]Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, 110 Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson, SC 29634.

Corresponding author: hluo@clemson. edu

[13]State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.

Email: dyli@genetics. ac. cn

[14]Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, 110 Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson, SC 29634.

^Corresponding author: hluo@clemson. edu

[15]228 Agricultural Hall, Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Department, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078.

[16]223 Agricultural Hall, Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Department, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078.

Email: raymond. huhnke@okstate. edu *Corresponding author: ajay. kumar@okstate. edu

department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634.

aEmail: arpanj@clemson. edu; arpanjain0211@gmail. com bEmail: walker4@clemson. edu

2Clemson Department of Economic Development, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634. Email: karl@clemson. edu

[18]Corresponding authors

[19]USDA-ARS, Grassland, Soil and Water Research Laboratory, 808 East Blackland Road, Temple, TX 76502.

“Email: Jim. Kiniry@ars. usda. gov

[20]Texas AgriLife Blackland Research and Extension Center, 720 East Blackland Road, Temple, TX 76502.

Email: nmeki@brc. tamus. edu

[21]Oklahoma State University, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, 368 Agricultural Hall, Stillwater, OK 74078.

Email: yanqi. wu@okstate. edu

^Corresponding author: Kate. Behrman@ars. usda. gov

department of Agricultural Economics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA 74078.

Email: f. epplin@okstate. edu

department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Tennessee, 314B Morgan Hall, 2621 Morgan Circle, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA 37996.

Email: agriff14@utk. edu

[24]The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma, USA 73401.

Email: mhaque@noble. org *Corresponding author