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14 декабря, 2021
Biofuel production (such as ethanol) is a complex process using lignocellulosic feedstock (such as switchgrass, sweet sorghum bagasse, pine wood chips, etc.) compared to sugarcane syrup or corn. The carbohydrates in lignocellulosic feedstock are much more problematic in terms of both solubility and utilizing their different component sugars (mainly glucose, xylose and arabinose) compared to starch in corn or sucrose in sugarcane syrup. The complexity of lignocellulosic feedstock provides different routes for fermentation including direct microbial conversion (DMC), separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) and simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF).
Strain |
Xylose [g T1] |
Ethanol bl-‘l |
Yield [g g_1] |
Productivity Ійі-‘И |
References |
Bacteria: naturally occurring |
|||||
Bacillus macerans DMS 1574 |
20 |
3.30 |
0.16 |
0.03 |
Schepers et al. 1987 |
Bacteroides polypragmatus NRCC 2288 |
44 |
6.50 |
0.15 |
0.09 |
Patel 1984 |
Clostridium saccharolyticum ATCC 35040 |
25 |
5.20 |
0.21 |
0.05 |
Asther et al. 1985 |
C. thermohydrosulfuricum 39E |
5 |
2.00 |
0.39 |
Ng et al. 1981 |
|
Envinia chrysanthemi B374 |
5 |
0.23“ |
Tolan and Firm 1987 |
||
Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus ATCC 31938 |
4 |
1.50 |
0.36 |
Lacis and Lawford 1988 |
|
Bacteria: recomb inantb |
|||||
Envinia chrysanthemi B374 (pdc) |
5 |
0.44“ |
Tolan and Finn 1987 |
||
Escherichia coli B, pL01297 (pdc, adhB) |
80 |
39.20 |
0.49 |
0.70c |
Ohta et al. 1990 |
E. coli В KOll (pdc, adhB, frd") |
80 |
41.60 |
0.52 |
0.87 |
Ohta et al. 1991a |
Klebsiella oxytoca M5A1 (pdc, adhB) |
100 |
46.00 |
0.46 |
0.96 |
Ohta et al. 1991b |
Klebsiella planticola SDF20 (pdc, pfh) |
17 |
7.70 |
0.44 |
0.18 |
Feldmann et al. 1989 |
Zymomonas mobilis CP4 (pZB5) |
25 |
11.00 |
0.44 |
0.57 |
Zhang et al. 1995 |
Yeasts: naturally occurring |
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Candida blankii ATCC 18735 |
50 |
5.10 |
0.10 |
0.07 |
Gong et al. 1983 |
Ccutdidci fennel tci |
20 |
3.90 |
0.20 |
0.07 |
Nigam et al. 1985 |
Candida fructus JCM-1513 |
20 |
4.70 |
0.24 |
0.02 |
Baraniak et al. 1988 |
336 Compendium of Bioenergy Plants: Swii |
Candida guilliermondii ATCC 22017 |
40 |
4.50 |
0.11 |
0.04 |
Maleszka et al. 1982 |
Candida shehatae CBS 4705 |
50 |
24.00 |
0.48 |
0.19 |
Slininger et al. 1985 |
Candida shehatae CSIR-Y492 |
90 |
26.20 |
0.29 |
0.66 |
du Preez et al. 1983 |
Candida sp. CSIR-62 A/2 |
50 |
20.10 |
0.40 |
0.42 |
du Preez et al. 1985 |
Candida tenius CBS 4435 (ll)d |
20 |
6.40 |
0.32 |
0.03 |
Toivola et al. 1984 |
Candida tropicalis KY 5014 (2) |
20 |
2.80 |
0.14 |
0.06 |
Morikawa et al. 1985 |
Clavispora sp. UWO(PS) 83-877-1 (ll)d |
20 |
5.90 |
0.30 |
0.11 |
Nigam, Margararitis et al. 1985 |
Kluyveromyces cellobiovorus KV 5199 (3) |
20 |
4.40 |
0.22 |
0.09 |
Morikawa et al. 1985 |
Kluyveromyces marxianus |
20 |
5.60 |
0.28 |
0.10 |
Margaritis et al. 1982 |
Pachysolen tannophilus NRRL Y-2460 |
20 |
6.20 |
0.31 |
0.06 |
Delgenes et al. 1986 |
Pachysolen tannophilus RL171 |
50 |
13.80 |
0.28 |
0.28 |
Woods and Millis 1985 |
Pichia segobiensis CBS 6857 |
20 |
5.00 |
0.25 |
0.02 |
Toivola et al. 1984 |
Pichia stipitis CBS 5773(5) |
20 |
5.90 |
0.30 |
0.02 |
Toivola et al. 1984 |
Pichia stipitis CBS 5776 |
50 |
22.30 |
0.45 |
0.34 |
Tran and Chambers 1986 |
Schizosaccharomyces pombe ATCC 2478 (8) |
50 |
5.00 |
0.10 |
0.07 |
Gong et al. 1983 |
Yeasts: recombinant’ |
|||||
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (XYL 1, XYL 2) |
21.7 |
1.60 |
0.07 |
0.07 |
Kotter and Ciriacy 1993 |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae TJ1 (XYL 1, XYL 2) |
50 |
2.70 |
0.05 |
0.02 |
Tantirungkij et al. 1993 |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae H550 (XYL 1, XYL 2) |
49.2 |
0.30 |
0.01 |
0.01 |
Meinander et al. 1994 |
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (xyl A) |
50 |
21.00 |
0.42 |
0.19 |
Chan et al. 1989 |
Table 4. contd…. |
Biological and Biosystems Engineering 337 |
Note:
ag ethanol gA xylose consumed
bThe relevant genotype is given in parantheses. pdc, pyruvate decarboxylase; pfl, pyruvate formate lyase; adhB, alcohol dehydrogenase II;/rd, fumarate reductase, pZB5 carries the genes for xylose isomerase, xylulokinase, transketolase and transalolase cMaximum volumetric productivity
dFigures in parentheses denote number of strains investigated (if more than one)
eThe relevant genotype is given in parenthese. XYL 1, xylose reductase; XYL 2, xylitol dehydrogenase; xyl A, xylose isomerase
Note:
SSF, Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation SSCF, Simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation SHCF, Separate hydrolysis and co-fermentation
Direct Microbial Conversion (DMC) or Consolidated Bio-Processing (CBP)
Direct Microbial Conversion (DMC) is a consolidated process of production of cellulolytic enzymes (cellulase and xylanase mixture), hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass and fermentation into bioproducts such as ethanol in a single vessel. Clostridium phytofermentans would be an ideal microorganism for DMC ethanol production. However, C. phytofermentans has been reported to produce low ethanol yields (less than 0.2% (w/v)) with several by-products such as hydrogen, acetic acid, and formic acid that ultimately lowers ethanol productivity (Warnick et al. 2002).