The traditional lignin applications include, primarily, lignin uses where lignin plays a replacement role for a relatively low-value chemical or material. As it was mentioned earlier, the largest current use of industrial lignin is fuel. However, there are a number of matured industrial lignin applications, constituting the bulk of the higher value lignin commercial chemical market, and this includes, primarily, lignosulfonates or sulfo — nated kraft lignins in large-medium-size markets such as additives for concrete admixtures, dust control, feed and food additives, dispersants, resin and binder com­positions, and oil well drilling. Examples of smaller mar­kets for technical lignins include carbon black, emulsifiers, water treatment, cleaning chemicals, leather tanning, battery expanders, and rubber additives (Higson, 2011). There are many comprehensive reviews in the literature which cover traditional lignin applica­tions (ACS, 1999; Holladay et al., 2007); therefore, we will not discuss them here in detail.