The three options for load matching described in the introduction were applied to the load and production data. Five cases are considered. For PV panel orientation, optimal orientation of panels for maximization of the solar fraction was considered (cases 1a-b). For demand side management two cases involving different amounts of shiftable load were defined (cases 2a-b). These options are compared with a small storage option (case 3).

2.1. Photovoltaic panel orientation

An optimal distribution of panel tilts and azimuth angles was determined for maximization of the fit to annual and summer PV production. The optimization problem was formulated as a constrained minimization problem with the solar fraction calculated from a grid of candidate tilts and azimuth sets with 15 degree intervals. The resulting orientation distributions (cases 1a and 1b) are shown in Figure 1.

Fig. 1. Optimal relative distributions of array orientations for maximization of annual (filled boxes) and
summer (outlined boxes) solar fraction for ALR 2 (left) and ALR 8 (right). Numbers indicate fraction of
systems with the orientation in question. The contour curves indicate annual production relative to the
production at optimal orientation with 5 % steps, starting from 95 %.