Copenhagen Energy is now promoting PV and the Solar Stock Exchange in Copenhagen (see also www. ke. de for details in Danish). Private customers can here buy 250 DKK (33,- EuRO) PV-electricity or more in relation to their total electricity bill for 2004 at a market price. Based on this Copenhagen Energy guaranties to install a similar PV area based on a 20 year contract.

It is aimed yearly to have installed around 200-300 kWp of PV-modules based on a feed-in tariff of approximately 0.55 EURO/kWh which will be financed by green electricity sales to environmentally concerned citizens. Installation of the PV projects for the Solar Stock Exchange will be made by private companies based on a 20 year contract with Copenhagen Energy. In connection to this a Copenhagen PV-Coop has been established based on the idea to secure investments in shares of PV installations from private people along the same lines as the “Middelgrunden” windmill park which has been erected in The Copenhagen Habour.

Solar City Copenhagen and the need for an overall sustainable building approach

In November 2003 a two-day-seminar was arranged in Copenhagen concerning the establishment of a "Solar City Copenhagen” organisation which shall promote use of PV and energy efficient building in connection to foreseen urban development projects in Copenhagen not only focussing on Valby but on Copenhagen as a whole, and in June 2004 the Solar City of Copenhagen organisation is officially launched as a partnership organisation — see also www. solarcitycopenhagen. dk.

In relation to the PV activities in Valby and Copenhagen a new R&D development project, "PV and Architecture”, have been supported by the Danish Energy Agency to ensure the realisation of important development work concerning how to integrate PV in new and more architectural acceptable but also more economic ways, in cooperation with leading architect companies and building component producers.

Examples are : new PV-shutters, new and more efficient PV designs for flat roofs and new PV/T solutions.

The establishment of the Solar City Copenhagen organisation is working with a combined strategy of promoting the use of renewable energy and PV electricity in the city and at the same time focus on a general approach on sustainable and energy efficient building.

In the following there is a short extract from the new EU thematic strategy for city areas (KOM(2004)6039 to illustrate the relevance of this:

"In the EU countries only very few buildings are build or renovated in a sustainable way, even through there exist documented solutions for this. The main barrier is a lack of interest from the contractors and investors, which believes that sustainable buildings is expensive and which are suspicious concerning new technologies. The long term benefits from sustainable building, as lower maintenance and operation costs, improved durability and a higher value for the building is not visible in the short term and in relation to the original purchase. Due to this it is needed to make a special effort to focus on such benefits, so investors, banks and mortgage banks will be able to spot the difference between buildings realised by normal solutions and sustainable buildings”

As mentioned above the situation is that there exist a lot of experience, technologies and tools to ensure an approach with sustainable and energy efficient building, so what is mainly needed now is to ensure organisation of activities so such a policy can be implemented in practice. Here the EU energy performance directive for building can be seen as an important step in the right direction. In figure 5 is shown an example of a suggested Green Quality Building Process which has been developed in connection to the European Green Cities Network Cooperation (see also www. europeangreencities. com).

In the EU SAVE project, Green catalogue which Cenergia is coordinator for, there is at present being developed performance requirements and check systems for best available technologies which can support the needed qualities of RUE and RES technologies (see also www. greencatalogue. com). And in connection to the "Builders for sustainability” cooperation in Denmark a special A and B quality labelling system which promotes sustainable and energy efficient housing has been developed, see figure 6 on this.

In Cenergia we have developed the tools Optibuild and Ascot which can be used to make calculations for energy optimised housing projects. Both can be downloaded from Cenergia’s homepage, www. cenergia. dk, and especially Ascot is very easy to optimise for your situation because it is made in a spred sheet.

New key figures for

Continuous monitoring:

Total primary

Energy use

Total C02 emission

Both for Valby and Copenhagen

Green account figures for Valby

The Solar City Copenhagen initiative is mainly a local initiative in Copenhagen, but at the same time it is also linked to a European initiative coordinated by ISES. This is the European Solar Cities Iniatives, ESCI (see www. eu-solarcities. org) and the international solar cities initiative (see http//sc. ises. org and http//solarcities. ises. org).

Electricity from Renewables: — wind 8,5 % — waste etc 6.4 % Total 14.9%

CHP based electricity plants 2001

Proposed PV-plan: 1.0-15% Of electricity use in 2025 ■

300.000 m2 PV = 30 MWp = 7.5 m2 I 0.75 kWp per person

45.000 persons

CHP and waste burning based District heating (2001)

187.0 MWH ( housing ) 402.0 MWH (total )

Expected GEO thermal heating

Operation of overall community energy management system by Copenhagen Energy

RUE and RES Optimised in relation tei " Solar City Copenhagen Partner Organisation

Fig 1. ILLUSTRATION OF THE SIZE OF THE FORESEEN 30 MWp OR 300.000 m2 PV MODULES IN THE CITY AREA VALBY IN COPENHAGEN WITH 45.000 INHABITANTS. BESIDES IS SHOWN HOW THIS FITS INTO AN OVERALL GREEN ACCOUNTING FOR VALBY.

FiGURE 2. HERE IS SHOWN THE PEAK SHAWING EFFECT OVER THE DAY OF 15 MWp PV MODULES IN THE VALBY ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION IN THE MONTH OF JUNE. ESPECIALLY IN AN ENERGY SYSTEM BASED ON CHP THE PV INSTALLATION WILL HAVE A VERY POSITIVE EFFECT.

Retrofit project for “Lauritz Sorensens Gard”, Frederiksberg, PV — VENT design where PV-panels are used to match electricity use for

Shutters with PV function

Trekanten, PV — panels mounted on solar ventilation towers.

PV-panels integrated in facades at Hedebygade urban renewal housing block, here with direct operation of ventilation fans. energy efficient fans.

PV-VENT design for housing block in Skovlunde, PV is matching electricity use of fans.

PV-panels on flat roof at SID building in Copenhagen. First test-system for Copenhagen solar stock exchanger.

Examples of PV integration solution developed by the C. F. Moller architects in Denmark, here with movable shutters. In all 10 different PV integration techniques will be tested in small scale prior to large scale PV demonstration in Valby and Copenhagen in relation to the R&D project, PV and architectural supported by the Danish Energy Agency.

FIGURE 3. EXAMPLES OF BUILDING INTEGRATED PV SOLUTIONS IN VALBY AND COPENHAGEN.