On account of the aforementioned reasons, the implementation of predictive control (i. e., control taking into account estimates of future loads or conditions) is highly advisable in a house with active and passive storage capacities, such as the ANZEH. At the present time, predictive control is facilitated by the availability of reliable and complete weather forecasts.

To study the response of the ANZEH under different conditions, artificial sequences of 5 days, attempting to represent typical series of cloudy and sunny days, were designed. In these sequences, a sunny day was assigned a daily clearness index (KT) of 0.7, an intermediate day was assigned a KT of 0.5, and a cloudy day was assigned a KT of 0.3. The model of Liu and Jordan, as described in

[5] , was used to determine a typical distribution of hourly clearness indexes (kT) for both conditions. The Erbs model [5] was used to calculate the diffuse fraction of the global horizontal radiation. Finally, the Perez model [6] was used to calculate radiation on surfaces with different orientations.

In the sequences of 5 days used in this study, the last two days were assumed to be cloudy, while the first three days can be either cloudy (represented by a C), intermediate (represented by an M) or sunny (represented by an S). These sequences can be applied to any five consecutive days in the year. After choosing an initial day (from 1 to 365) astronomical angles can be taken into account. The graphs below correspond to the days from January 15th to January 19th.

Temperatures for Montreal were modelled using a steady-periodic curve using an average value and average fluctuation range for the corresponding month, and the design day data (quasi­sinusoidal) proposed by ASHRAE [7]. Wind speed data from a TMY2 (TRNSYS typical meteorological file) [8] corresponding to the dates examined, was used.

day day

4.3 Tank charging, space heating, and ventilation

The tank will only be charged when the top tank temperature is below the setpoint. For all cases, the HX is used directly if the BIPV/T air temperature is at least 3 degrees above the top tank’s temperature. If this is not the case, but the BIPV/T air temperature is above 10 °C, then both heat pumps are used to charge the tank. If the temperature is between 3.5 and 10 °C, then only one heat pump is used. Finally, if the BIPV/T air temperature is below 3.5 °C, one heat pump is turned on using the ground as a source. If the temperature in the house is too high (28.0), then the ventilation rate will be increased from 0.3 ACH (including natural and mechanical ventilation) to 1 ACH per hour.