The development of P&T strategies aims to bring benefits to waste management. Furthermore, by deploying FRs as part of this strategy, it will be possible to realize a significant increase in the amount of energy that is extracted from uranium. Inevitably, the extraction and increased use of plutonium within the nuclear fuel cycle raises the issue of proliferation. Of the P&T impact studies quoted above, however, none attempts a comprehensive assessment. Evaluation methodologies for proliferation resistance and physical protection have been developed44-50 but to date only very preliminary attempts have been made to apply them to specific advanced fuel cycle strategies. Early indications42 are that the introduction of FRs would appear to be best for proliferation resistance, based on an extension of the ‘Technological Opportunities to increase the Proliferation resistance of global civilian nuclear power Systems (TOPS)’ methodology.4 1 In this TOPS report,5 1 transmutation technology is picked as one of several specific technical options for reactor and fuel cycle systems that have been proposed to improve proliferation resistance. However, it should be noted that ‘no single diplomatic, military, economic, institutional, or technical initiative alone will be able to fully deal with this proliferation challenge. The best prospect for achieving non-proliferation goals while expanding nuclear power is to engage all appropriate means’.52